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Richard I of Normandy
''Not to be confused with Richard I of England''
Richard I of Normandy (28 August 933 – 20 November 996), also known as Richard the Fearless (French, ''Richard Sans-Peur''), was the Duke of Normandy from 942 to 996.〔Detlev Schwennicke, ''Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten'', Neue Folge, Band II (Marburg, Germany: J. A. Stargardt, 1984), Tafel 79〕
Dudo of Saint-Quentin, whom Richard commissioned to write the "''De moribus et actis primorum Normanniae ducum''" (Latin, "''On the Customs and Deeds of the First Dukes of Normandy''"), called him a ''Dux'', but this use of the word may have been in the context of Richard's renowned leadership in war, and not as a reference to a title of nobility.〔Eleanor Searle, ''Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840–1066'' (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1988), pp. 125–6〕〔For different meanings of Latin word ''dux'' (pl. ''duces''), see Dux.〕 Richard either introduced feudalism into Normandy, or he greatly expanded it. By the end of his reign, most important Norman landholders held their lands in feudal tenure.〔Emily Zack Tabuteau, 'Ownership and Tenure in Eleventh-Century Normandy', ''The American Journal of Legal History'', Vol. 21, No. 2, (Apr. 1977), p. 99〕
==Birth==
Richard was born to William I of Normandy, ''princeps'' (chieftain or ruler)〔''The Annals of Flodoard of Reims; 916–966'', ed. & trans. Steven Fanning and Bernard S. Bachrach (University of Toronto Press, 2011), p. 32〕 of Normandy, and Sprota.〔 His mother was a Breton concubine captured in war and bound to William by a more danico marriage.〔''The Normans in Europe'', ed. & trans. Elisabeth van Houts (Manchester University Press, 2000), p. 47 n. 77〕 He was also the grandson of the famous Rollo. Richard was about 10 years old when his father was killed on 17 December 942.〔 William was told of the birth of a son after the battle with Riouf and other Viking rebels, but his existence was kept secret until a few years later when William Longsword first met his son Richard. After kissing the boy and declaring him his heir, William sent Richard to be raised in Bayeux.〔Eleanor Searle, ''Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840–1066'' (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1988), p. 95〕 After William was killed, Sprota became the wife of Esperleng, a wealthy miller; Rodulf of Ivry was their son and Richard's half-brother.〔Detlev Schwennicke, ''Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten'', Neue Folge, Band III Teilband 4 (Marburg, Germany: J. A. Stargardt, 1989), Tafel 694A〕
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